Nazım Tural

By the 1970s, youth resistance had come to the forefront of the struggle. A student organization known as the "Black Consciousness Movement" was founded by Steve Biko in 1969. Biko wanted Black people to free themselves from perceiving themselves as inferior to whites.

The developments after 1931 that led to the civil war … show that the conflicts between the two fronts was essentially class struggle involving the Church.

Facing the past is seen today as an ongoing, deeply polarized battle over the historical memory of the Franco dictatorship and the Spanish Civil War, as well as a struggle to recover the dignity and memory of the victims.

The 1995 genocide in Srebrenica, alongside the 1994 genocide against the Tutsi in Rwanda, shaped the development of international criminal justice and the global resolve to prevent genocide.

A key feature that made Mandela special was his extraordinary, conciliatory leadership as the country's first Black president during the transition of power from the white supremacist minority to the Black majority. After 27 years in prison, he set aside personal animosity and anger, initiating a reconciliation process.

Alongside the inherent difficulty of amending the US Constitution, it is evident that congressional attempts to curb executive power through legislation and resolutions have failed.

In Europe, confronting the past is increasingly being addressed institutionally by all different segments of society.

Syria's new Constitutional Declaration explicitly adopts international human rights law. Although this is theoretically significant for minority rights, the government fails to honor them in practice.